Embedded cooling in dense electronics
Embedded cooling in dense electronics
Interconnects have become a critical bottleneck in computing performance and efficiency at every level of integration. While the solution to this problem is decreasing interconnect length and increasing system density, the ability to remove heat already limits this approach. Computational density is primarily limited by the large volume of air that must be used to capture heat with a reasonable increase in temperature. By switching to a liquid coolant, such as water, which has a volumetric heat capacity that is more than 3000× higher than that of air (close to standard temperature and pressure), the necessary volume for heat exchange and fluid delivery can be dramatically decreased. In addition to addressing the challenge of decreasing heat sink volume, these heat sinks must be able to address the needs of modern high-power packages. These high-power accelerator packages no longer include a single monolithic die, but several dice mounted in close proximity to one another, usually with an interposer or embedded bridge chips for high-bandwidth interconnection. These dice implement heterogeneous functionalities and may exhibit significant thermal coupling through their shared heat spreader. As microelectronics transition from monolithic dice to large packages of heterogeneous chiplets, heat sinks can also be modified to match these heterogeneous designs. Monolithic and heterogeneous integration of advanced cooling technologies for 2.5D and 3D ICs represent the focus of this thrust.
Relevant Publications
T. E. Sarvey, A. Kaul, S. K. Rajan, A. Dasu, R. Gutala, and M. S. Bakir, "Microfluidic Cooling of a 14-nm 2.5-D FPGA With 3-D Printed Manifolds for High-Density Computing: Design Considerations, Fabrication, and Electrical Characterization," IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 2393-2403, 2019.
T. E. Sarvey, Y. Hu, C. E. Green, P. A. Kottke, D. C. Woodrum, Y. K. Joshi, A. G. Fedorov, S. K. Sitaraman, and M. S. Bakir, "Integrated circuit cooling using heterogeneous micropin-fin arrays for nonuniform power maps," IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 1617-1624, Oct.2017
D. Lorenzini, C. Green, T. E. Sarvey, X. Zhang, Y. Hu, A. G. Fedorov, M. S. Bakir, Y. Joshi, "Embedded single phase microfluidic thermal management for non-uniform heating and hotspots using microgaps with variable pin fin clustering," Inter. Jour. of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 103, Pages 1359-1370, 2016.
Y. Zhang, T. E. Sarvey, Y. Zhang, M. Zia and M. S. Bakir, "Numerical and experimental exploration of thermal isolation in 3D systems using air gap and mechanically flexible interconnects," in IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conf. / Advanced Metallization Conf. (IITC/AMC), San Jose, CA, May. 2016.
X. Zhang, M. H. Nasr, D. C. Woodrum, C. E. Green, P. A. Kottke, T. E. Sarvey, Y. K. Joshi, S. K. Sitaraman, A. G. Fedorov, and M. S. Bakir, "Design, microfabrication and thermal characterization of the hotspot cooler testbed for convective boiling experiments in extreme-micro-gap with integrated micropin-fins and heat Loss minimization," in IEEE Intersociety Conf. on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (ITHERM), Las Vegas, NV, May 2016.
P. Asrar, X. Zhang, C. E. Green, P. A. Kottke, T. E. Sarvey, A. G. Fedorov, M. S. Bakir, and Y. K. Joshi, "Flow boiling of R245fa in a microgap with integrated staggered pin fins," in IEEE Intersociety Conf. on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (ITHERM), Las Vegas, NV, May 2016.
M. H. Nasr, C. E. Green, P. E. Kottke, X. Zhang, T. E. Sarvey, Y. K. Joshi, M. S. Bakir, A. G. Fedorov, "Extreme-microgap based hotspot thermal management with refrigerant flow boiling," in IEEE Intersociety Conf. on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (ITHERM), Las Vegas, NV, May 2016.
R. Abbaspour, D. C. Woodrum, P. A. Kottke, T. E. Sarvey, C. E. Green, Y. K. Joshi, A. G. Fedorov, S. K. Sitaraman, and M. S. Bakir, "Combined finned microgap with dedicated extreme-microgap hotspot flow for high performance thermal management," in IEEE Intersociety Conf. on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (ITHERM), Las Vegas, NV, May 2016.
. X. Zhang, X. Han, T. E. Sarvey, C. E. Green, P. A. Kottke, A. G. Fedorov, Y. Joshi, and M. S. Bakir, "3D IC with embedded microfluidic cooling: technology, thermal performance, and electrical implications," in Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. and Expo. Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems and Int. Conf. Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels (InterPACKICNMM), San Francisco, CA, July 2015.
C. E. Green, P. E. Kottke, T. E. Sarvey, A. G. Federov, Y. Joshi, M. S. Bakir, "Performance and integration implications of addressing localized hotspots through two approaches: clustering of micro pin-fins and dedicated microgap coolers," in Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. and Expo. Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems and Int. Conf. Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels (InterPACKICNMM), San Francisco, CA, July 2015.
H. Oh, Y. Zhang, L. Zheng, and M. Bakir,"Electrical interconnect and microfluidic cooling within 3D ICs and silicon interposer," in Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. and Expo. Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems and Int. Conf. Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels (InterPACKICNMM), Chicago, IL, Aug. 2014.
B. Dang et al., "A Chip-Scale Cooling Scheme With Integrated Heat Sink and Thermal-Fluidic I/O Interconnects," in ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference, 2005, vol. Advances in Electronic Packaging, Parts A, B, and C, pp. 605-610, doi: 10.1115/ipack2005-73416.